Monetary Policy Essay - 1666 Words

Monetary Policy Monetary Policy The Economy is the backbone to society. There are many factors that operate in, and govern our society’s economical structure. Factors such as scarcity and choice, opportunity cost, marginal analysis, microeconomics, macroeconomics, factors of production, production possibilities, law of increasing opportunity cost, economic systems, circular flow model, money, and economic costs and profits all contribute to what is known as the economy. These properties as well as a few others, work together to influence the economy. Microeconomics and Macroeconomics are two major components. Both of these are broken down into several different components that dictate societal norms and views. â€Å"Microeconomics†¦show more content†¦Usually this goal is macroeconomic stability - low unemployment, low inflation, economic growth, and a balance of external payments. Monetary policy is usually administered by a Government appointed Central Bank, the Bank of Canada and the Fede ral Reserve Bank in the United States.† (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2007). Monetary policy effects the GDP inflation. â€Å"Between 1996 and 2000, real GDP in the United States expanded briskly and the price level rose only slowly. The economy experienced neither significant unemployment nor inflation. Some observes felt that the United States had entered a â€Å"new ear† in which business cycle was dead. But that wishful thinking came to an end in March 2001, when the economy entered its ninth recession since 1950. Since 1970, real GDP has declined in the United States in five periods: 1973-1975, 1980, 1981-1982, 1990-1991 and 2001.† (McConnell Brue, 2004). Unemployment Rates The unemployment rate is also affected by monetary policy. â€Å"Unemployment that is above the natural rate involves great economic and social costs.† (McConnell Brue, 2004). GDP GAP and OKun’s Law. McConnell and Brue define this as â€Å"when the economy fails to create enough jobs for all who are able and willing to work, potential production of goods and servicesShow MoreRelatedMonetary Policies And Monetary Policy Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesMonetary policies Monetary policies are strategies used by the central bank, financial regulatory committee of currency board to regulate the amount of money supply in the economy. There are two types of monetary policies. These are expansionary monetary policies and contractionary monetary policies. Expansionary monetary policies entails increasing money supply in the economy. Expansionary monetary policies affect macroeconomic variables differently. It leads to reduction of unemployment,Read MoreMonetary Policies And Monetary Policy750 Words   |  3 PagesMonetary Policies (Introduction) The objective of monetary policy is to reserve the worth of the money by keeping inflation low, stable and predictable that lets Canadians be more confident about the spending and investment choices. It reassures long-term investment in Canada’s economy as well as contributes to continuous job creation and better the production. It helps improve living standard. Canada’s monetary policy outline consists of two key components working together and reinforcing eachRead MoreMonetary And Fiscal Policy : Monetary Policy1435 Words   |  6 PagesMonetary and fiscal policy Introduction Fiscal policy is defined as the power that the federal government poses that enables it to impose taxes and also spend to achieve its goals in the economy. On the other hand, the monetary policy is maintaining the programs that try to increase the nation’s level of business through regulation the supply of money and credit. Currently, one of the most important roles of the federal government is to regulate and also ensure that there is stability in the economyRead MoreMonetary Policy Rules And Monetary Policies2224 Words   |  9 PagesI. Introduction Monetary policy rules are a fundamental part of the central bank models and are often refined to maximize economic welfare, specific to that country. Monetary policy rules are a methodical response of monetary policy events in the economy. Essentially, it can be thought of as a numeric equation, which determines the appropriate level for the central bank’s policy instrument to be a function of one or more economic variables that describe the state of the economy. It is imperativeRead MoreMonetary Policy Rules And Monetary Policies1884 Words   |  8 PagesMonetary policy rules are a fundamental part of the central bank models and are often refined to maximize economic welfare, specific to that country. Monetary policy rules are a methodical response of monetary policy events in the economy. Essentially, it can be thought of as a numeric equation, which determines the appropriate level for the central bank’s policy instrument to be a function of one or more economic va riables that describe the state of the economy. It is imperative that economiesRead MoreNotes On Monetary And Monetary Policy Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pages FROM MONETARY TARGETING TO INFLATION TARGETING BY DAVID EYO USANG 138581 List of Abbreviations CB Central Bank ECB European central bank FEDS The federal reserves MP Monetary Policy IT Inflation TargetingRead MoreFiscal Policy and Monetary Policy781 Words   |  3 PagesFiscal policy is the governments spending policies, which influences the conditions economy as a whole. With this policy, regulators can improve unemployment rates; stabilize business cycles, control inflation, and interest rates to control the economy. The government adjusts the spending and tax rates to influence the nation’s economy. The idea is to find the balance between public spending and changing tax rates, by increasing or lowering taxes may cause the risk of causing inflation to rise. IfRead MoreMonetary Policy And Fiscal Policy850 Words   |  4 PagesThe Federal Government uses the monetary policy and fiscal policy to establish and determine the best way to manage the economy. Monetary policy is used by the Federal Reserve to manage the money supply. This includes credit, cash, check, and money market mutual funds, with loans, bonds, and mortgages being the mo st important. This policy can be broken into two categories: monetary restraint and monetary expansion. As it states, one is trying to restrain the market while the other expresses expandingRead MoreFiscal Policy And Monetary Policy1735 Words   |  7 Pagesis fiscal and monetary policy to find out a way to find the economic. It is macroeconomic policy that pursues to enlarge the money supply to boost economic growth or combat inflation. One of the form is fiscal policy of expansionary policy, which comes in the method of tax cuts, discounts and increased government spending. Expansionary policies do come from central banks, which focus on cumulative the money supply in the economy. Now let look at the break down of expansionary policy which deal withRead MoreMonetary Policy And Fiscal Policy1178 Words   |  5 Pagescrisis. Monetary policy and fiscal policy are two tools by which government uses to guide the economy. Sometimes the economy is challenged with both inflation and un employment at high rates. Macroeconomics breaks down the entire economy and the issues affecting it, including inflation, unemployment, economic growth, and monetary and fiscal policy. A country has to come up with good macroeconomic policies in order to better their economy. This paper will discuss the government s policies adopt to

What are Modern Business Conditions Free Essays

In present-day business condition, learning is the most vital asset, data with respect to rivalry predominantly concerned their piece of the overall industry and offer, appeared to be a palatable volume of data. These days requires data about the opposition. These data allude not exclusively to contenders piece of the overall industry and their offer, yet additionally to the level and structure of their costs, items and administrations quality-value relations, deals volume, extent of exercises, money streams, liquidity, dissolvability and productivity. We will write a custom essay sample on What are Modern Business Conditions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Building data framework that backings the administration and basic leadership, and that can be a wellspring of aggressive edge, isn’t a simple errand. Issue is the way to get quality and helpful data. In the present business focus, there are huge amounts of things and organizations open to fulfill the necessities of individuals and associations. Your ability to perceive and mishandle the features and related favorable circumstances of your thing or advantage and show how it is one of a kind or better than anything the resistance will outfit you with an engaged edge. The edge or favored angle will outfit your firm with the instruments to: Augmentation arrangements and bit of the pie. Upgrade general incomes for a given time period in new or existing markets. Assurance your survival in to an awesome degree centered markets. Become hard-to-copy advancing mixes. An Aggressive EDGE To start, you ought to amass each one of the data assembled about your target showcase designs, customers, things and contenders. Recorded different market design components is a structure of the distinctive market plan segments you should study to distinguish your focused edge. Every association must have no short of what one ideal position to adequately fight in the market. In case an association can’t recognize one or essentially doesn’t have it, contenders soon beat it and power the business to leave the market. There are various ways to deal with achieve the ideal position however only two key sorts of it: cost or division advantage. An association that can achieve predominance in cost or partition can offer customers the things at cut down costs or with more elevated amount of detachment or more all, can fight with its adversaries. Foundation: Right off the bat the recognizable proof of your association’s qualities and shortcomings is an essential errand that should be proficient before any focused edge can be created. The forceful edge your firm picks will depend upon the reasons your customer will buy a particular thing or organization. An upper hand implies you have to offer a few things your rivals don’t. You have to recognize what it is your rivals do well, and don’t do well. For example, if your resistance has one recipe that various customers go to that diner for, essentially imitating their equation won’t add to your high ground. Instead of trying to copy your adversary’s purposes of intrigue, invigorate your own specific to make a unique course of action of characteristics that can’t be imitated. There’s no convincing motivation to enroll some individual to do what you can do yourself, however consider using research firms to find information that isn’t unreservedly open. Here are two or three instruments you can use to secure forceful information. Online outputs are a quick method for finding forceful information. Regardless, this chase will simply give information that has been made open. On area view of the contender’s stopping territory, customer organization, volume and case of suppliers’ transports, et cetera can yield significant information about the state of the contender’s business. Outlines and gatherings can yield a great deal of data about contenders and things. Research surveys and focus gathering interviews generally give more all around perspectives from an obliged case. Forceful benchmarking is used to take a gander at the affiliation’s exercises against those of its adversaries. In making specific connections inside an industry, an affiliation grabs information about customary publicizing practices, available workforce, and suppliers. Issues to Increase Aggressive Edge over your Rival in Business: Competition is awesome. For sure, a sound rivalry incites you to work more splendid with the advantages you have. To do thusly, utilize your gathering’s intriguing blessings and build a business contenders wouldn’t set out test. Despite whether distinctive associations in your industry attempt to undermine your expenses and take your customers, contemplate ways they can empower your startup to create. Keeping up a vital separation from absence of concern. Sole suppliers in an industry quickly quit progressing basically in light of the way that they never again have any need to. Tragically, they accidentally center around keeping up the current situation. Contenders have a penchant for keeping you on your toes. Building brand clout. Make it your focal objective to develop as the primary pro in your space of capacity. Your social event of individuals will value your thought expert and regularly pick you over various merchants. Making care. Enemies compel you to assess your characteristics and deficiencies. Use your superpowers to make a more uncommon motivating force to customers. Grasp your shortcomings and find ways to deal with overcome them. Enabling partition. Contenders will dependably endeavor to offer better customer advantage, thing quality and advancing. In sound markets, buyers will ask for the best solutions for their specific needs. Isolate your commitments with the target of influencing gigantic motivating force for the customers you to serve. Mishandling industry designs. Contention signals strong client ask. It offers endorsement to what you are doing. In new markets, this is an opportunity to propel a creating design that will get buyers and the media amped up for your work. Molding startling affiliations. Make associations together with comparative associations. Exchange development and mechanical assemblies, expand the general market, cross propel each other’s things and collaborate on novel research to educate purchasers. Perhaps one day, you may merge with, or pick up, your most noteworthy adversary. Shared learning. Watch the resistance intentionally. The learning and resources they have may be both favored and unmistakable over yours. Viably pick up from how they direct and build up their undertaking. A little while later, you will discover ways to deal with apply those lessons made sense of how to your business. Narrowing down a claim to fame. Some person will reliably be better than you at something – and that is okay. Customers justify the best things and organizations to fulfill their individual needs. To make a gainful business, focus your undertakings on making a smaller part of the general market astoundingly cheery. By narrowing your claim to fame, you develop a forceful edge that averts advance contention. Masterminding whole deal. Without contenders, most firms lose all ability to read a compass in the ordinary exercise of keeping up their business. As various associations join the market, you should start testing yourself to accomplish more. Sorting out customer needs. Instead of focusing your imperativeness on surpassing the restriction, place assets into moving toward a customer driven affiliation. Thusly, you will help buyer reliability and easily shield against powerful suppliers or dealers objective on taking your clients. By the day’s end, it is your customers – not your opponent – who can speak to the choosing minute your business. How to cite What are Modern Business Conditions, Papers

Effectiveness of Saudi and American Cyber Laws

Question: Examines and assesses the effectiveness of Saudi and American Cyber Laws in deterring the growing global threats posed by Cyber Identity theft. The article studies cyber identity thefts evolution as a crime, the influence evolving technologies have had in relation to the methods used to commit this crime, the varying victims this crime targets, and the devastating impact these crimes continue to have globally. Extensive research indicates that Cyber identity theft is multi-dimensional, targeting citizens, businesses, and governments at a rapidly growing rate. These upward trending statistics suggest that Cyber Identity theft is a truly global criminal phenomenon which blurs the traditional distinction between threats to internal (local law enforcement) and external (military) security and does not respond to single jurisdiction approaches to policing. Answer: Abstract: Cyber crimes have steadily increased over the last few years intensively across the globe. More than 15 million of US residents have been identified as of having the fraudulent identities which totals at $50 billion lose each year. 7% of them can be seen of misusing their proxy identities, creating an immense cyber threats. In different times several laws and legislations are enforced to cope up with this situation. But still these days, cyber threat stands to be one of the most potential challenges yet to be circumvented. In different times, different researchers has risen up this intense digital threat and has tried to bring justice, however, all went in vain. This current article is focusing on the global digital threats having been specifically pointing to Saudi and American approaches of cyber identity threats. This write up is focusing on the cyber laws being applied for Saudi and America approaches of cyber policies. This article also portrays comparison and projects light on the contrast of the cyber law of both America and Saudi Arabia. The article also shed light that how the cyber ethics are being violated with unfair approaches. At the same time, how much it becoming cost worthy for the users is also delineated in the context of the article. In order to manage the severe growth of this frugality the mostly affected areas are highlighted in the context of the writing. What may be the points of getting relived from this terseness are taken account here in this work.

Religion Effect On Politics Essays (549 words) - Arab People

Religion Effect On Politics The belief systems of the modern world have helped determine the policies and politics of nations around the world. For centuries before, and almost definitely for decades after now, there will be disputed between people and countries on account of their faith. Religions have started wars, ended them, impacted, and persuaded people. Needless to say, beliefs are very influential on the world today. People of different faiths dont only fight over their basic beliefs and land but they end conflicts. Making amends between religious groups greatly helps relieve the constant strain of division that we are all too aware of these days. The Lutheran religion began 482 years ago when monk, Martin Luther, attacked the practices of the Catholic Church. These who followed his ideas eventually into what we call Lutherans today. For those 482 years, Lutherans and Catholics have stayed divided on uneasy terms. Now the leaders of the modern Lutheran and Catholic churches both signed a document that laid to rest those many years of differences under the explanation that it was all a misunderstanding. Sometimes different faiths just dont seem like they want to even try to compromise on a conflict. The Jordanian Muslims and the Israeli Jews fighting over which side of the Jordan River Jesus was baptized on is a perfect example of this. The Muslims have invested over one million dollars t fix up the site. The site will bring in expectantly millions of tourists and with them billions of dollars that will be spent locally to boost the economy. Looking past the irony of the Jews and Muslims disputing over a Christian site, the focal point of the quarreling is that such a site will bring. The Pope and Prince Charles have already scheduled a visit, but as of now, no resolve has come about. These days its not always conflicts between two specific regions, but between regions occupied by faiths who disagree on certain topics. The two groups being the Israelis and the Palestinians, and the compromise on the rift in the settler movement conflict arising in those countries. To the Jews the West Bank is part of the greater Land of Israel, given by God to the Jews. To cement their control over the land, the Jews built forty-two hilltop encampments on the West Bank. They did this to prevent it from becoming a Palestinian state. The Palestinian government claimed that some of the outposts didnt have the necessary building papers and twelve of those sites were dismantled. This disagreement is, for the time being, settled peacefully despite the denounced accord from the Palestinians. In the future more outposts are likely to be taken down. Whatever the rhyme or reason, religions and belief systems have tremendous effects on the way things work in this world. Hopefully nations are learning from their past mistakes what not to do if such an occasion arise again. Whether the Lutherans and Catholics are putting years of disagreement behind them, the Jews and Muslims are settling their dispute, or Jewish outposts are being taken down, we are moving forward into a new and brighter future, and gaining information as we go along. Maybe in the future, more of the religious spats will be settled as the Lutheran/Catholic dispute was...peacefully.

Free Essays on E-Technology

e-Commerce, e-Business, e-Government, e-Learning, and other e’s have enabled countries and businesses to reduce cost, add value and create new opportunities. E-Technology is a combination of information and communication technologies that enable the e’s. The e-Technology Platform provides the foundation upon which businesses can deploy new and innovative applications supporting learning, research and service. It enables organizations to best take advantage of the opportunities made available by the Internet and related technologies. During the past several years, e-business and e-technologies have witnessed both tremendous growth and significant setbacks. E-technologies (e.g. e-commerce, e-business, e-government, etc.) applications have multiplied by the thousands, reaching to a level where using e-applications is now considered a necessity in every organization, regardless of the type, size or location. At the same time, many dot.com companies that burst into the market with great potential vanished after a few years, and yet some managed to survive and reach a new level of recognition and stability. Primus Securities, a small, brick-and-mortal full service brokerage firm has approximately 7,000 clients on its register who, on average, trade 12 times a month regularly. A year ago company decided to post frequently asked questions on a Web site to reduce the time staff spent answering the questions on the phone. Along with that, company posted general information about Primus Securities and financial news with â€Å"search† feature on the Web site. The response was encouraging and a number of clients suggested enabling online trading because it is quick and more convenient and that might drive them to make more trades per week. Company decided to implement some changes and add more features to the Web site. Stock Ticker is an online device that streams current stock quotes along with the percent rise/fall in process ... Free Essays on E-Technology Free Essays on E-Technology e-Commerce, e-Business, e-Government, e-Learning, and other e’s have enabled countries and businesses to reduce cost, add value and create new opportunities. E-Technology is a combination of information and communication technologies that enable the e’s. The e-Technology Platform provides the foundation upon which businesses can deploy new and innovative applications supporting learning, research and service. It enables organizations to best take advantage of the opportunities made available by the Internet and related technologies. During the past several years, e-business and e-technologies have witnessed both tremendous growth and significant setbacks. E-technologies (e.g. e-commerce, e-business, e-government, etc.) applications have multiplied by the thousands, reaching to a level where using e-applications is now considered a necessity in every organization, regardless of the type, size or location. At the same time, many dot.com companies that burst into the market with great potential vanished after a few years, and yet some managed to survive and reach a new level of recognition and stability. Primus Securities, a small, brick-and-mortal full service brokerage firm has approximately 7,000 clients on its register who, on average, trade 12 times a month regularly. A year ago company decided to post frequently asked questions on a Web site to reduce the time staff spent answering the questions on the phone. Along with that, company posted general information about Primus Securities and financial news with â€Å"search† feature on the Web site. The response was encouraging and a number of clients suggested enabling online trading because it is quick and more convenient and that might drive them to make more trades per week. Company decided to implement some changes and add more features to the Web site. Stock Ticker is an online device that streams current stock quotes along with the percent rise/fall in process ...

Requisitos para viajar o emigrar a Puerto Rico

Requisitos para viajar o emigrar a Puerto Rico Para viajar o emigrar a Puerto Rico aplican las mismas leyes que para hacerlo a Estados Unidos. Esto es asà ­ porque es un territorio que forma parte de la Commonwealth de ese paà ­s, aunque no es uno de los 50 estados que conforman la unià ³n americana.   Este artà ­culo informa sobre el importante asunto de la ciudadanà ­a americana y los puertorriqueà ±os, las consecuencias migratorias derivadas del estatus especial de Puerto Rico, las reglas para viajar a la isla y, finalmente, se hace referencia a otros territorios con estatus similar al de Puerto Rico.  ¿Sabà ­a usted? Puerto Rico es un Territorio Libre Asociado de Estados Unidos, conocido como commonwealth. Las leyes migratorias de la isla son exactamente las mismas que las de Estados Unidos, tanto para migrantes como para visitantes. Ciudadanà ­a estadounidense y Puerto Rico Desde su nacimiento, los puertorriqueà ±os tienen pasaporte de los Estados Unidos. Es asà ­ en virtud de la Ley Jones-Shafroth, del 2 de marzo de 1917, que reconoce a los puertorriqueà ±os la ciudadanà ­a americana al mismo tiempo que reconoce que tambià ©n poseen la ciudadanà ­a puertorriqueà ±a. La excepcià ³n es para aquellas personas -muy pocas- que deciden renunciar a la primera y quedarse sà ³lo con la segunda. La ley permitià ³ que quien asà ­ lo desease podà ­a renunciar a la ciudadanà ­a americana y conservar sà ³lo la puertorriqueà ±a ya que, como se ha reconocido en varias ocasiones, ambas nacionalidades son diferentes y separadas.  En 1917 menos de 300 personas decidieron conservar sà ³lo la ciudadanà ­a de la isla. Pero debido al estatus especial de Puerto Rico, los puertorriqueà ±os no votan en las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos ni tienen representacià ³n de senador ni representante con voto en el Congreso de los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, todos los puertorriqueà ±os que residen habitualmente en uno de los 50 estados de la unià ³n, sà ­ pueden hacerlo. Consecuencias migratorias del estatus especial de Puerto Rico Las leyes migratorias de Puerto Rico son, en realidad, las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos, no hay otras. Esto tiene las siguientes consecuencias: En primer lugar, para emigrar a Puerto Rico hay que seguir uno de los 29 caminos abiertos para emigrar (green card) a Estados Unidos. Exactamente los mismos. En segundo lugar, como los puertorriqueà ±os son ciudadanos, los  puertorriqueà ±os pueden pedir a sus esposos extranjeros o a sus novios, tanto si residen en la isla como si viven en uno de los 50 estados de la unià ³n americana o, incluso, en otros territorios, como Samoa, las Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas o Guam. En tercer lugar, para viajar como turista o con cualquier tipo de visa no inmigrante a Puerto Rico aplican exactamente las mismas leyes que para Estados Unidos. Absolutamente no hay ninguna diferencia y no es ms fcil que aprueben las visas si el destino es Puerto Rico. Es exactamente igual pedirla cuando el destino es San Juan o cuando es Miami o Nueva York. Viajar a Puerto Rico Las reglas para viajar a Puerto Rico dependen del lugar y, en algunos casos, de la situacià ³n migratoria de la persona que desea ir a la isla. Asà ­, en el caso de ser turistas extranjeros que se encuentran fuera de EE.UU., si pertenecen a un paà ­s del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas pueden viajar sin visado por un plazo mximo de 90 dà ­as, pero es necesaria la ESTA si se llega por avià ³n. En los dems casos es necesario solicitar una visa de turista regular y acudir a la entrevista a la embajada o consulado americano que corresponda. Por otro lado, los ciudadanos americanos y los residentes permanentes legales que se encuentran en uno de los estados de EE.UU., pueden viajar a Puerto Rico con un documento que les permita embarcar, pudiendo utilizar sus licencias de manejar, si asà ­ lo desean. En cuanto a los extranjeros con visa vigente que se encuentran en Estados Unidos y desean viajar a la isla, debern llevar sus pasaportes. Para evitar problemas, los estudiantes internacionales con visas F o M y aquellas personas con visa de intercambio (J-1) deben llevar los documentos adicionales que muestran que la visa est vigente, tipo I-20. Por à ºltimo, los indocumentados deberà ­an intentar evitar volar a Puerto Rico, incluso aquellos que tienen un documento vlido para volar domà ©sticamente en Estados Unidos. La razà ³n es que se sobrevuelan aguas internacionales y se han reportado casos de problemas en vuelos de esas caracterà ­sticas, como los que comunican Alaska y Hawaii con los 48 estados contiguos. Otros territorios de EE.UU. en los que aplican sus leyes migratorias Estados Unidos es un paà ­s federal compuesto por 50 estados. Los dos à ºltimos en unirse fueron Hawaii y Alaska. Los nacidos en esos territorios son, al mismo tiempo, ciudadanos y nacionales. Puerto Rico no es el à ºnico territorio de Estados Unidos. Guam, las Marianas del Norte o las Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas son otros ejemplos, los allà ­ nacidos son ciudadanos americanos. Tambià ©n los nacidos en cualquiera de esas islas son ciudadanos y nacionales de EE.UU. Sin embargo, las personas nacidas en los territorios americanos de Samoa son solo nacionales. Aunque tienen pasaporte de EE.UU. y pueden vivir y trabajar en los 50 estados sin ningà ºn tipo de là ­mite, quienes viven en dichos estados no pueden ni votar ni ser elegidos en elecciones. En Guam, Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas, las Marianas del Norte y Samoa aplican las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos, como sucede en Puerto Rico. EE.UU. tiene, adems, otros 11 territorios que se encuentran en el Pacà ­fico y en el Caribe, pero no estn habitados continuamente ni tienen poblacià ³n nativa, entre los que destacan el atolà ³n Palmyra y las islas Midway y Wake. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The CIA created Osama bin Laden Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The CIA created Osama bin Laden - Research Paper Example Osama Bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on March 10, 1957. His father was a close friend of the ruling royal family which helped him to establish the Bin Laden group of companies. Immediately after the birth of Osama, his parents got divorced and he was brought up under the single parenthood after the separation of his parents. In Saudi Arabia, it was allowed to the Muslims to marry as much as girls. Osama’s father had ten wives. During childhood, Osama was a normal child who has shown immense interests in religious activities. The development of Osama from an ordinary person to the most wanted hard-core terrorist in the world, was surprising unbelievable. Osama Bin Laden was a Saudi citizen by birth. He was a multi billionaire by birth and had major shares in the Bin Laden group of companies which was established by his father. He was not a born criminal, but the society made him as a criminal. He was a hard-core terrorists even before the 9/11 attack on America. However, he became famous only after the 9/11 incident. It is often said that America is responsible for the making of Osama as a terrorist. It should be noted that Soviet Union has intruded into the territories of Afghanistan in the 1980’s. Soviet Union’s presence in Afghanistan was indigestible to America. Intense cold war was going on in between America and Soviet Union during 70’s and 80’s. America estimated that Soviet Union’s presence in Afghanistan would give them upper hand in the policy matters in Asia. Therefore, America did everything possible to expel Soviet troops from Afghanistan. America has taught Osama and his company that communism is the most fearful enemy of religions such as Islam. The presence of communism or Soviet troops in Afghanistan would convert Afghan society from a religious society to a communist society. Osama and his

An Organizational Structure and Administration of Law Enforcement Essay

An Organizational Structure and Administration of Law Enforcement Agencies - Essay Example It is usually depicted on charts by solid lines connecting the positions. Line relations or direct or executive relations are those existing between a senior and his subordinates at all levels of command. The senior's instructions are to be complied with as authority is direct. Paramilitary model of management is typical for law enforcement agencies. As with other aspects of the personnel function it is important that line officers are involved, at least to some extent, with employee relations (Sewell, 2002). There must be teamwork and a concerted organizational approach to the management of employee relations. This is made easier when top management, who retain ultimate responsibility for the personnel function, take an active part in fostering goodwill and co-operation between departments. "Administration assigns, directs, controls and coordinates department personnel and material resources. It involves budgeting, planning, purchasing, personnel administration, payroll, public rela tions, union contract administration, grant applications, special reports and secretarial support' (Department structure, n.d.). The current structure of New York Police Department can be reorganized into functional organization.

What Excatly Do Evaluators Look for in a Group Discussion Essay Example for Free

What Excatly Do Evaluators Look for in a Group Discussion Essay A group discussion or GD, is a form of many-on-many discussion. It has become an inseparable part of admissions to management institutes and your selection in campus interviews. A GD is held to identify certain traits that companies and institutes like to see in their employees or students. Lets take a look at the traits which the evaluators look out for in a candidate during the GD. Knowledge: Whatever you do in a GD, your knowledge about the subject cant be replaced by anything else. You are required to talk in a GD but inputs that dont contain any substantial value will not help in any way. Be a voracious reader to increase your knowledge on various subjects. Newspapers, TV, magazines, news portals etc are great sources of knowledge. Alertness and presence of mind: In a GD you are required to carefully listen to the other persons thoughts and keep an argument, example or a supportive statement, fact, example ready to participate in the discussion. Here comes into picture your alertness and ability to think and act immediately. As you participate in a GD, make sure that you sit with an attentive mind and keep taking down the relevant points put forward by others. Communication: You may have a lot of good points to put across but if you cant communicate them clearly, you wont stand a chance when it comes to impressing the evaluators. Practice communicating in a clear and effective way with your friends, family or study group. Confidence: Your self confidence adds a lot of value to your candidature. Look at every group member as you speak, avoid too much hand movement and looking at evaluators. Leadership and team skills: Your participation in a GD clearly establishes not only your leadership skills but also your capability to work in a team. To meet the objectives, a good leader has to be a team player. Goal orientation: Since so many people participate in a GD, the chances of the discussion moving away from the subject are high. Your focus on the goal can get you some extra points. Now, as you are being evaluated for the above discussed traits, you must avoid things that can work to your disadvantage and might cost you the selection. Here are some things that you must avoid doing as a GD participant: Initiating the discussion without proper subject knowledge Although initiating the discussion helps you get the immediate attention of the evaluators, sharing irrelevant details just for teh sake of talking can work to your disadvantage. Start first only if you know the subject well otherwise wait for others to start and get a feel of the subject before entering into the discussion. Snatching anothers chance to speak Give your group members a chance to speak. Talking more wont get you through the GD. In fact it will give the evaluators a feeling that you are not a team player. Making short and relevant contributions of 20-30 seconds 3-4 times in the discussion is enough. Interrupting others Let the other person finish his comment before you speak. Interrupting someone is counted as a negative trait. Remember, it is a discussion not a debate. Dont jump at the conclusions. Listen carefully to the other person before putting your point across. Dialogue In a GD you are expected to communicate with all the members of the group. Do not keep looking at one person while talking. Establish eye contact with all the members of the group. It is a many-on-many discussion not one-on-one. Shouting or dominating Keep you emotions in check. Do not try to dominate the others or let your emotions rule you. Sometimes it might happen that a group member might say something that hurts your feelings such as a comment on your race or religion, make sure that you do not get into an argument. Your focus should be to effectively meet the goals of GD topic. Showing off You have to put across your knowledge on the subject during the GD but you have to be very careful about the thin demarcation between showing off and knowledge sharing. For eg, using statistics and facts during the GD is a good thing to do but you must not overdo it enough to nauseate the group members. Low self confidence or insecurities As we have seen earlier, one of the traits evaluated during a GD is your self confidence. Do not hesitate to speak confidently, even if you might be short of ideas or knowledge on the subject. Listen to others and put across your thoughts in a clear and audible voice. Make sure that you make eye contact with all the group members. Slang and negative gestures GD is a formal discussion. Avoid informal words and negative gestures. For e.g. avoid words like gonna, wanna, ya etc. Similarly avoid gestures like pointing fingers, tapping the desk with the pen. If you ensure that you do not commit these mistakes during the GD, you will not have to worry too much about the negative marks and your chances of getting through it also become much brighter.

The Flag of India Essay -- Papers

The Flag of India The Indian flag consists of orange, white and green bands. The color orange stands for courage in there country, white for peace, and green for fertility. A Buddhist emble called a dharma charka lies in the center of the flag. The land India borders a lot like China, Nepal, and Bhutan (that is to the North). Pakistan to the west and Bangladesh to the East. 1 â€Å" India boasts many great mountain ranges, including the Vindhya Range, which divides northern and southern India. The Himalayan mountain range in northern India consists of some of the highest peaks in the world.† The climate 2 â€Å" India has about three main seasons – summer is one from March to May, the rainy season from June to September, and then winter from October to February.† 2 The plants and the animals India supports approximately 45,ooo plant species, some which are not found anywhere else in the world except here. India’s most well-known...

My Best Friend Essay

â€Å"Don’t walk in front of me, I may not follow; don’t walk behind me, I may not lead; Just walk beside me, and be my friend†. I’m going to describe someone who means the world to me and also has a huge impact in my life. I have one such good friend who walks beside me and who extends her hand, when I am about to slip and fall. She is my greatest asset in life, which I treasure more than anything else in this world. She is my best friend. My best friend is Mahliet Mersha. We come from the same neighborhood. Our houses are situated close to each other’s. Both Mahliet and I are of same age and belong to more or less same economic background. In fact, what has cemented our friendship deep is that our families have been close to each other for a long time. My father and Mahliet’s father were good friends back in Ethiopia. Another reason, which probably helped us to become good friends, is that we have grown together. We have spent our childhood days playing, fighting, learning, and enjoying together. Mahliet and I generally go to school together but I will be leaving Mahliet because it’s going to be my final year. Mahliet has many excellent qualities of heart and mind. Her simplicity, smartness, neatness, intelligence, straightforwardness, cool temperament, pleasant behavior, gentle ways, dutifulness, etc. have made her one of the most liked and popular students in the school. Mahliet’s sweet temperament is her greatest quality. She never hurts others or speaks ill of others. She has an amazing personality. She also helps me more than anybody. She tries to do all she can to make me come up to her level. She never goes to any movies or party without me. I do the same for her. My best friend has been through a lot she is currently living with me sometimes and also living with my other friend Helen. I’ve helped Mahliet from day one; she was having problems at home and not living a healthy life. Whenever I am sick, she is the first to come and see me. There is no function in my home without her presence. All these have combined to make our friendship deep and lasting. The best trait that I admire and like most in my friend is her disciplined life. She gets up on time, does her homework always, attends school regularly, respects her teachers and elders and never indulges in unhealthy ways such as, smoking, taking alcohol, idling away time, skipping classes etc. Her principle of ‘duty first- enjoyment second’ is something that I find difficult to follow, yet try to imitate. She corrects me whenever I commit any mistake. For me she is a source of inspiration, support and also a role model to imitate. I am ever grateful to the almighty for having given me such a good friend. I cherish it as my greatest treasure. I am sure our friendship will grow deeper and deeper in the years to come. I wish everyone had such friends in life. I know I can always count on Mahliet whenever I need her and she also feels the same way. My best friend brings joy to me.

George Orwell and William Golding Essay

Orwell and Golding use vastly different writing styles, but their message is the same – that mankind is hopeless. Discuss this statement with reference to both â€Å"Animal Farm† and â€Å"Lord of the Flies†. Since the beginning of time man has struggled to comprehend the difference between good and evil. Our ancestors spent their lives looking for truth, yet none could be found. Is there indeed a good of all goods and an evil of all evils? The two are so similar, and yet so different. The truth is, no one being is perfect, nor were we created to be. No one thing can be the source of all evil, or the source of all good. Yet man battles with himself, to determine what is right. But what, then, is truly right? If there is an evil, then Humans should be deemed to be the most evil of all creatures. We are manipulative, egotistic and dominating. We have the urge to be the dominating force in the universe. We strive for superiority and aim for domination. Yet are such feelings to be considered wrong? Cannot they just be classified as instincts, which many other animals have? No, for we are indeed intelligent creatures and instead of exercising our superiority we should be learning of others greatness. We, as indeed intelligent beings should stray from the common selfishness and anger. Yet, they seem to be much easier to arouse, harder to abolish. In his novel â€Å"Animal Farm†, George Orwell portrays the animals with human-like feelings and emotions. He uses satire to demonstrate the full extent of human emotion. Though the story is about animals, there are very few who think it is just that. The satire gives the story enough appeal to readers, but the message rings as solemn as ever. George Orwell uses little dialogue, but describes the characters and situations with great detail, paying attention to their characters and emotions. It is easier to understand all the happenings, because the characters are animals. At the same time, when one compares them to humans, a striking similarity can be found. The book makes one think, and it hurts when one realizes that the story in the book is not far from our reality. It is a sad reality; however, it is necessary to acknowledge this for one to be able to  overcome it. George Orwell’s message is that humankind is hopeless. Perhaps we are, but a lost cause, we are not. For it is books like these, which help one to understand our faults so that one can correct them as best as one can. We were not created to be perfect, but we were also not created to be dominating and superior. All beings on this planet are created to be equals. Humans have forgotten such principles of nature. Humans battle to overcome cruelty. However, while we believe we have done so, the cruel, dominating and never ending cycle begins again. The truth is we are prisoners of our own characters, and perhaps that can never change. William Golding, the author of â€Å"Lord of the Flies† uses fictional portrayal of human emotional conflict to reach the reader. He takes a situation, which could quite realistically occur in life, and elaborates upon it. He uses complex vocabulary and original sentence structure to show the complexity and variation of human emotions. He uses the little boys as characters in the story to prove a very valid point. The fact that such small children can turn on each other so rapidly is a sobering thought. Golding shows, that no matter how good the intentions are at first, our inner feelings of selfishness can overcome us very easily, especially in a critical situation The book makes the reader contemplate their own actions in such a situation. Whereas as no one can be brutally honest with themselves, it is possible to relate to others. That is what Golding is trying to create. Regardless of whether they planned to do so or not, they will think, and perhaps that may bring us one step closer to understanding a very important character – ourselves. Although their writing styles are prominently different, both George Orwell and William Golding show similar views on the human character. Their honest portrayal of humans as we are by nature leaves the reader thoughtful. So, are we then indeed bound for eternal struggle? Are we indeed as hopeless are the authors suggest? That is one question, which will not be answered with the advance in technology or by new scientific discoveries. We are our own  judges, but can we trust ourselves?

The eNotes Blog Seven Icebreaker Ideas for the First Day ofSchool

Seven Icebreaker Ideas for the First Day ofSchool August is officially here, which marks the dreadful end of summer vacation. So, what can you expect on your first day back at school? Icebreakers, and lots of them. And if youre anything like me, the thought of yet another two truths and a lie game will make you cringe. While many students loathe the inevitable first-day introductions, the pressure’s on for teachers to find creative ways to engage their new students while trying to learn everyone’s name. So for you teachers out there, before choosing what to do with your students on their first day back, here are a few icebreaker dos and don’ts: âÅ"” Do encourage your students to get to know each other âÅ"” Do make your classroom a welcoming and inclusive environment âÅ"” Do offer incentives or rewards for participation Ãâ€" Don’t make students take part in activities that violates their personal space Ãâ€" Don’t choose activities that will make students feel uncomfortable or intimidated Ãâ€" Don’t exclude certain groups or individuals from participating in activities While there are tons of icebreakers to choose from, most are outdated, overused, or just extremely unappealing. So, lets go over seven icebreakers for the first day of school that students will actually want to participate in. Image via Icebreaker Ideas 1. The People’s Bingo Materials: Homemade Bingo Boards, Pens While this strays from a traditional game of Bingo, â€Å"People’s Bingo† is an easy game that will get students learning more about each other. Create a Bingo board with several unique categories for each square like â€Å"has lived in another country† or â€Å"can play an instrument.† Students must go around and find a classmate that meets the conditions of a square and sign off on it. No one is allowed to sign their own names on their own board- they must ask their peers until they find a match. The first student to fill their Bingo board with their classmates’ signatures win! Once a winner is announced, have them read aloud their answers to share the fun facts of their fellow classmates. Image via Game Night Guys 2. Scattergories Materials: Paper, Pens, Timer There’s nothing like a little friendly competition to get students working together. Creative-thinking games are a great icebreaker because they prompt students to share ideas and strive towards a common goal. Scattergories is a Hasbro board game that can easily be adapted to a classroom setting. The game requires players to name objects within a set of categories for a specific letter within a time limit. For example, given the letter â€Å"J,† students must name a food, city, animal, etc. that starts with the letter â€Å"J†. Break students up into small groups so that they can work together to find unique answers to the specified categories. Whatever group can present the most original answers wins. You can find more detailed game instructions on Wikipedia. Image via ThingLink 3. The Perfect Pair Materials: Cards, Pens If you’re looking for an icebreaker for a large group, this is it! Write out several cards that contain matching pairs (Romeo Juliet, Peanut Butter Jelly, etc.). Shuffle the cards, and pass them out to each student or stick them underneath their chairs before they enter the classroom. The object of the game is to have every individual find their other half by using only â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† questions. The first student pair to find their match wins! Image via Ethos3 4. Silent Situations Materials: Timer Challenge your students on how much they can accomplish by using non-verbal communication. Determine an objective that gets your students moving, like lining themselves up in alphabetical order or grouping themselves according to birthdays. The rules are very simple- no talking. They must complete their tasks by using only non-verbal cues and movements. Get creative with your categories and change up your timer to see if they improve! Image via Canva 5. Who Am I? Materials: Sticky Notes, Pens, Timer Place a sticky note that contains a name of a person, place, or thing on each of your students’ foreheads. Teachers can adapt their topics to make it more relevant to their coursework, like literary characters, scientific elements, or historical events. Students must work together to provide context clues in order to figure out what is written on their note, without checking themselves. Once the allotted time is up, students have to guess what their note says based on the clues they received. At the end of the activity, ask your students what strategies they found helpful and how they determined what was written without sneaking a peek. Image via Unsplash 6. Collaborative Drawing Materials: Paper, Colored Pencils, Timer No need to be an accomplished artist to partake in this icebreaker. Place students into small groups, and nominate one person from each team to choose a random piece of paper from a bowl of miscellaneous topics. Provide each group with a piece of paper and some drawing utensils. Once every team has selected a topic, each person from the team will get 60 seconds to make their mark before passing it along to their teammate. After five minutes, each team will present their collaborative drawing to the class. If their fellow classmates can guess what they’ve drawn, they’re all winners! Image via TouchJet 7. Stationary Scavenger Hunt Materials: List of Objects Split students up into small groups and present them with a written list of objects that may be hiding in their school bags or pockets. The more random items on the list, the better. (Think old pennies, glasses, fidget spinners, etc.) The team that can showcase the most items on the list wins! Hopefully, you’ll get a few laughs at what’s hidden in the depths of student backpacks. Icebreakers present an opportunity for students and teachers to get to know each other before diving into the curriculum of the school year. Whats more, they give teachers a way to create a positive classroom environment in which their students feel comfortable and eager to learn. By creating a fun, stress-free activity on the first day back to school, your students will feel more inclined to return to class and be ready to take on on the new year.

An Overview Of The Godiva Chocolatier Company

An Overview Of The Godiva Chocolatier Company Before heading towards the first question, it is essential to know about Operations Management. The simplest definition of Operations Management is ‘the production of goods and service.’ It is the focus and objective of the organizations. http://managementhelp.org/ops_mgnt/ops_mgnt.htm http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=161691 (cited in ‘Design of Flexible Production System: Methodologies and Tools’): ‘Component or basic flexibilities that included machine, material-handling and production flexibilities System flexibilities in which Process, Routing, Product, Volume and Expansion flexibilities were considered Aggregate flexibilities, e.g. Program, Product and Production, Market Flexibilities’ In term of flexibility, Godiva Chocolatier has ensured that in every stage of production. Godiva’s operations strategy is a set of above mentioned five performance objective which can be highlighted in both the methods adopted by t he organization and these are: enrobing and moulding. According to the case study, Godiva is a small producer which gives a variety of products with more than 100 types of chocolates. The machinery and the technology used in the organization indicate that there is not enough volume as compared with the range of variety. So, the organization decided to invest more on technology and new machinery to get high quality and high variety with its low volume. Such as, the enrobing department is operating the machine to get the individual product designs by linking together the various pieces of equipments like extruders, guillotines, depositors, enrobers, decorators and so on in different sequences and combinations. However, moveable conveyors are used to link different machines to justify the volume. The staff and the machines are decoupled and worked at different speed and times. The speed is enhanced in short span of time by using small liquid chocolate tanks at the enrobing machines for different types of chocolates and for this purpose only 20 minutes changeover is taken to disconnect the tank, clean the machine and connecting to the other. Though it takes less time with good speed in production but planning is complex as well because Godiva surely wants to save its economic side as well, as it is considered to be uneconomic to produce less than 300 kg of a particular colour of chocolate. So, it is planned that the different types of chocolates with the same coating should go through the process. Likewise the strategy is adopted in the moulding department as well. Simple operator-assisted device, computer-controlled depositing machines (take less than one minute for the changeover), automatic individual wrapping machine and the packing robot are used for the best quality, speed and save the time. In short, its operations strategy is trying to achieve its objectives along with the five performance objectives as well.

Human Morals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Human Morals - Essay Example The paper tells that people have moral values – this is a universal maxim. However, philosopher, thinkers and scholars differ in their opinion on the history and origin of human morals. While some like Karl Marx believe that morality is a product of capitalism, Stankov contends that man’s nature acquired a moral sense in pre-historic times. Debates and discussions continue with the proponents and opponents presenting their arguments. Different religious groups also have their own stand on the origins of human morals. For instance, Christianity believes that morality has been endowed by God in the form of Ten Commandments. Even though morals are natural and spontaneous, with time and as situations changed, certain modifications have been made based on the religious and cultural affiliations, to help people cope with the changed environment. However, human morals are basically innate and universal because if they were not innate they would not be spontaneous, and some mor als would not be universally accepted by every society, culture and religion. Morals are the values that are concerned with the principles or rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong. Morals are concerned with the judgment of the goodness or badness of human character and action. This implies that virtuous deeds are those that conform to standards of what is right or just in behavior. Moral behavior is defined as the action of a person who sympathetically takes into account the impact of his action on others. (Ayala, 2010). Moral beliefs are the beliefs that one has about how to live life when one takes a sympathetic view of how the person’s life and decisions impact others. However, moral beliefs and values, the moral standards or morality have changed with time. It also depends upon individual environment, individual experience, upon religions and upon the cultural environment that one grows up in. Morals are natural and morality is the expression o f man’s innermost character (Johnston, 1916). Morals are spontaneous, honest and straightforward; they are traditional and universal. Humans and morals Human conduct involves not just consciousness but self-consciousness. Human are the only moral beings endowed with the mind and reasons, endowed with consciousness and self-consciousness, with personality, free-will and conscience (Stankov, n.d.). This implies that all humans possess moral strength – they are thinkers, workers and creators, responsible for the harmony of the world. Stankov states that since the formation of the homo sapiens in prehistoric times, man’s nature acquired a moral sense. No other creature is responsible for all its deeds and humans are held responsible because they have been endowed with the moral sense. Marxism treats consciousness as a derivative of the material process. However, attributes such as hatred, selfishness and violence on the one hand and loving, caring and fellow-feeling on the other, constitute the moral sphere and these are independent of the material process (Patnaik, 1995). The material sphere is also important for the human existence but it has no connection with the spiritual reality. Marx believes that the moral history of humankind has no parameters but is a derivative of the material history. The human species possesses moral as well as physical structures both of which are essential to satisfy its needs. The psychic structure is the starting point of the moral evolution. Nietzsche believes that are no absolute morals and there are no moral systems that humans need to abide by. This implies that he does not believe in any moral system and the strong can overpower the weak by any system. He states in the Genealogy of Morals that there are no moral codes of conduct; there are no values or actions that are moral (Nietzsche, 2009). People interpret them as good or bad, moral or immoral. This view implies that human morals are not internal and that they do not drive or guide an individual from performing or not performing any act. It also

Combination of Microsoft Dynamics and Microsoft BizTalk Server Research Paper

Combination of Microsoft Dynamics and Microsoft BizTalk Server - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Microsoft Corporation is an American based multination corporation with its headquarters in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft is a business empire that develops, supports manufacturers, and licenses numerous products and services that are related to computing. Paul Allen and Bill Gates founded Microsoft Company on April 4, 1945.   Since then, Microsoft Corporation has grown to be the world’s largest software manufacturer by revenue. Notably, Microsoft Corporation is one of the most valuable companies in the world. Microsoft was established to manufacture and sell the Altair 8800 BASIC interpreters. In the mid-1980s, this company ventured into selling personal computers operating systems, particularly the MS-DOS. This was followed by Microsoft Windows operating systems. In the year 1986, Microsoft initiated public offering that led to the rise in its share prices. Since the early 1990s, Microsoft Corporation has increasingly diver sified into numerous operating system markets that have made it acquire numerous corporates. For instance, in May 2011, it acquired Skype Technologies at the value of $8.5 billion, and Skype has been Microsoft’s largest acquisition since its advent. Notably, Microsoft’s key business process is remarkably candid in that it develops software then distributed to users who purchase either directly from the Microsoft Corporation or through the company's outlet agencies or companies that have rights to sell through them.... Nonetheless, the Microsoft’s workflow diagram can be presented as in the diagram below: Microsoft’s Business Operations Microsoft Dynamics This is a business management solution that aims at streamlining and automating financial and customer relationship as well as supply chain processes in order to derive Microsoft’s businesses to success (Griffin, 2012). Microsoft dynamics is integrated business management solution that was adapted by the organization to enable it to make business decisions with immense confidence (Ward, 2012). Automation and streamlining of customer relationship, financial and supply chain processes through Microsoft Dynamics enables the organization to consolidate technologies, processes, and people towards increasing effectiveness and productivity of the business as well as driving the business to be driven to success. The Microsoft Dynamics operates in the same ways as other Microsoft software such as Microsoft office; thereby, it decreases the staff extensive learning requirements (Page, 2010). Notably, the Microsoft Dynamics software easily works with other systems already installed and implement in the organization. The Microsoft BizTalk Server Microsoft BizTalk Server is a process management server that helps the organization to connect to processes, information, and people across extended enterprises. The Microsoft BizTalk Server enables the organization to optimize and automate its business processes; thus, helping it to grow. The Microsoft BizTalk Server was introduced in the year 2006 and has enable Microsoft to expose its data and processes in real time. Moreover, this system has helped the organization to decrease costs, optimize business

OD Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

OD - Coursework Example The aforementioned points are essential since training of workers ensures professionalism and growth. Leaders must also be able to come up with mechanisms to solve issues so as to reduce resistance to changes. Moreover, motivation is important in enhancing morale and guaranteeing a balanced workplace. Leaders should also be able to come up with structures that guarantee proficiency, increase the level of support, morale, and heighten employee retention rate. Continuity of leadership is also vital in making sure that effective decisions are made and problems solved on time. Although the author has made informative remarks and suggestions on how leaders can make sure that there is professionalism and on ways they can train their workers, it is unfortunate that he has failed to give more detailed information on how employees can be motivated. He only mentions the benefits that come with motivating the workforce, but not ways in which this can be achieved. He should have pointed some of the motivation strategies such as recognizing, promoting, providing benefits such as health, and increasing employees’ salary among others. On the same note, he asserts that training of employees is important, but does not give reasons why leaders should do it. Such reasons may have included increasing the rate of retention, heightening productivity, and reducing work oriented flaws. Dobriansky, J. (2005). Critical issues in organizational development. Retrieved from

Types Of Risks Associated With Tourism Tourism Essay

Types Of Risks Associated With Tourism Tourism Essay A fundamental worldwide issue is to critically assess how potential holiday seekers perceive the concept of risk and safety as related to tourism. It is particularly essential in the actual political and socio-economic situation when travellers are facing an increasing risk when they travel away from their usual place of stay. Today, the probability of risk that an individual will be a victim of terrorism, international conflict, health hazard or natural disaster is very considerable. If the tourism industry is going to be successful, a thorough understanding of international tourists perceptions of risk and safety is required. Ensuring safety is therefore a prerequisite and the minimum for the basic operations of the tourism industry. As a result, the issues of risk and safety within the tourism industry justify attention and research. Many researchers make a clear distinction between safety and security but some tourism and hospitality researchers do not. It is important to know that tourism security and safety are not alike to other forms of security and safety. Due to the unique characteristics of the service industry in which the tourism industry forms part, some researchers have come up with a new definition; Rather than divide safety from security, some tourists experts merge these two notions into one overall term, tourism surety, (Tarlow, 2007b). Assuring people of safety and security at destinations is an essential condition for tourism growth (Cavlek, 2002). Nature of Tourism By its very nature, tourism is a worldwide and strongly competitive sector. Although naturally exposed to economic crunch, natural calamities and outbreaks of warfare and epidemics, international tourism has shown significant resilience in recuperating from the hostile effects of such harmful, but short-term, factors. However, not only does the buyer have to spend relatively huge amount of his/her disposable income to buy the tourism product, he also sees it in a subjective and experiential manner. As a result, tourism is highly sensitive to perceptions of danger and lack of safety and security. It is in this framework that lack of safety and security and occurrences of crime represent a more severe menace to travel and tourism than any other negative factor. Tourism and travel is now considered one of the worlds largest industries: the UNWTOs (United Nations World Tourism Organization) Tourism 2020 Vision forecasts that international arrivals are expected to reach nearly 1.6 billion by the year 2020. Of these worldwide arrivals in 2020, 378 million will be long-haul travellers and 1.2 billion will be intraregional (UNWTO, 2008). Types of risks associated with Tourism The five major risks associated with tourism are terrorism (Richter, 2003), war and political instability (Sonmez, Apostolopoulos, Tarlow, 1999), health (Richter, 2003), crime (Dimanche Lepetic, 1999), and cultural and language difficulties (BasalaKlenosky, 2001). These risks are of growing importance in the global tourism environment and present threats not only to tourists but also host societies and the tourists home nations (Richter, 2003). Type of risk Examples Crimes Possibility of being robbed, becoming a subject of rape or murder Cultural Possibility of experiencing difficulties in communicating with foreigners, cultural misunderstanding, inability to adjust to a foreign way of life and standards Equipment Possibility of mechanical, equipment, organizational problems occurring during travel or at destination (transportation, accommodation, attractions) Financial Possibility of not obtaining value for money; losing or wasting money if travel expectations are not fulfilled Health Possibility of becoming sick while traveling or at the destination Performance Possibility of not receiving holiday benefits due to the travel product or service not performing well Physical Possibility of being physically injured, includes danger and injury detrimental to health (accidents) Political Possibility of becoming involved in the political turmoil of the country being visited Psychological Possibility that travel experience will not reflect travelers personality or self-image, damage self-image, reflect poorly on personality Satisfaction Possibility of not achieving personal satisfaction and/or self-actualization with travel experience Source: Sonmez and Graefe (1998a); Basala and Klenosky (2001); Dimanche and Lepetic (1999). Safety and Security in the Tourism sector Tourisms primary goal is to fulfil peoples travel desire and holidays expectations. In order to achieve the above mentioned goals, providers of tourist facilities need to make sure that safety and security of their guests are respected. The tourism industry is safety and security dependent (Tarlow Santana, 2002). Perceptions of safety greatly influence tourists intentions to travel internationally. Lack of safety is a strong predictor of tourists avoiding some tourist destinations (Sonmez Graefe, 1998a). Also it is important to know that: Perceptions of travel risk, anxiety, and perceptions of safety are important determinants of international travel (Reisinger Mavondo, 2005). The issue of Safety and Security has gained more importance in the Tourism industry during the past decade. The safety component of the tourism health and safety problem has received relatively little attention from tourism and safety management researchers. This particular topic is of fundamental importance globally when we aim at providing quality service in the tourism sector. Safety and security has been identified as one of the five global forces that will drive the tourism industry in the new millennium (Chiang 2000). Successful tourism development is subject to the reduction of risks associated within a destination. Quality service being an important dimension of the tourism industry; safety and security need to be put forward in order to achieve our objective of quality service. Compared to any other economic activity, the tourism sector is highly dependent on our ability to accommodate our guests with a secure and safe environment. In tourist destination areas, it has been n oted that tourists are more likely to be potential victims of crimes. According to Ryan (1993), crime can impede tourism by wielding a significant blow to the fragile nature of a destinations safe image. It is therefore very important to capitalise all our efforts to providing a crime free destination for the tourists. Tourism is also about providing quality experience to the guests. Safety and security are seen as a priori for a prosperous tourism industry in any destination (Pizam et al., 1997; Neumayer, 2004). The UNWTO includes safety and security as a determinant of quality tourist product (UNWTO, 2003). For a tourism product or service to comply with the UNWTOs safety and security standard, it should not pose a threat to the life, health and other interests, and integrity of the consumer. As outlined by the UNWTO, the concern for safety and security is reflected in several components of tourism experience, including health, cleanliness of accommodation facilities, and reliable and accurate information. Tourists attributes Tourists clearly possess a number of characteristics which account for their increased vulnerability (Sparks 1982). Tourists are tempting targets because they are known to carry large sums of money (Fujii and Mak 1980; Chesney-Lind and Lind 1986). They also carry items of value such as cameras, cash and credit cards (Ryan 1993). Here are three definitions that explain in details the attributes of holidaying tourists and how these attributes can put their safety and security in jeopardy. Due to those luxury and expensive equipment that they usually carry with them, they can be easily spotted. Parallel to the growth of tourism, many coastal areas of Mauritius continue to experience significant social problems. Many people in these areas are still underprivileged, and the poverty gap between the rich and the poor remains among the highest. Tourists are viewed as rich people and this can create a feeling of resentment or frustration from the local population as they usually do not posses s the same luxury goods and would like to have the same. The latter are thus tempted to enter into illegal actions such as attacking tourists to steal their belongings. How to address such issues? This is the real question here. These luxury and expensive items are needed to make their stay in a particular destination memorable, we cannot deny it. Taking pictures and filming the destination both form part of the traditions and folklore of the tourism industry. For these guests it is a way to immortalise their unique experience at the destination, hence, we cannot forbid tourists to carry those expensive equipment while they are on holidays on our island but instead we should provide them with a secure and safe environment where they shall feel comfortable to move around. Tourist perceptions on a destinations level of safety Furthermore, if tourists have a negative impression of a destination where they feel threatened or unsafe, they shall develop a negative attitude towards that particular destination whereby customer loyalty is likely to suffer a lot. For example, because of the US-Libya military confrontation in 1985, nearly two million Americans changed their foreign travel plans in 1986, which resulted in a 30% decrease in visitation compared with the previous year. (Richter Waugh, 1986; So ¨nmez Graefe, 1998b; Edgell, 1990). This can impact badly on the tourism industry in the area and thus induce a decline in tourists arrivals in the area. According to George (2003: 577), this can happen in the following ways: (1) Prospective tourist may decide not to visit the destination because it has a reputation for having a high crime rate. (2) If tourists feel unsafe at a destination, they are not likely to take part in activities outside their accommodation facility. (3) Tourists who have felt threate ned or unsafe are not likely to return to the destination, and they are not likely to recommend the destination to others. So ¨nmez Graefe (1998b) indicated that despite the tourism industrys worldwide economic strength, terrorism and political turmoil present major challenges to the industry. For instance the political unrest that is present in various African countries like Egypt, Tunisia and Libya has contributed to a negative impact on these countries as potential tourist destinations. It is therefore very important to portray a very positive image of a tourist destination, otherwise this could impede badly on the reputation of the destination. According to South African Tourism Brand Tracker, in January 2005 (DEAT 2005:29), 22-25 million potential travellers across eight key markets (the USA, the UK, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Australia, India and China) did not consider South Africa as a travel destination over the past 5 years because they were concerned about safety. The persisting perception that South Africa is an unsafe destination, with an uncontrollable crime situation, can also influence the potential tourists decision-making process (Minnaar 2007:13; Van Niekerk and Oelofse 2007:1) not to attend the event If Mauritius or other island destinations were to witness such an unsuccessful marketing campaign in regards to its tourism sector, this would be catastrophic for the economic survival of such destinations which are highly dependent upon tourists receipts. Crimes engaged against tourists are widely publicized around the globe and have an instant impact in terms of decreasing foreign visitor numbers and th e international image of the area as a tourist destination. Information on potential Risks at the destination Mawby (2000) proposed that tourists should be informed of the risks of visiting tourist areas in order to reduce fear of criminal incidents while holidaying. In a view of providing tourists with a high quality experience during their stay at a destination, they should be given sufficient information on the area. As such, they should be informed on the risks that are present in the tourist areas; hence they shall be better prepared to face any dramatic situations. It is also important that tourists are informed of the emergency processes to be adopted in case they are victim of any kind of crime. For instance, they should be given emergency telephone numbers e.g. Fire services, Police services, Hospital, Ambulance services etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ According to George (2002), tourists fear of crime might be derived from several sources, such as their own experience of crime, discussions about crime with their friends and acquaintances, exposure to crime through mass media (television, the in ternet, newspapers and radio), and perceptions of actual crime rates, as well as their perceptions of police effectiveness at the destination. It should be noted that perceived risk has a great influence on the guest during his stay at a particular destination although, that in reality, it does not exist. On the other side, an unperceived risk will not affect consumer behaviour even if it is real and tangible. However unperceived risk might be more dangerous as sometimes guests are not aware of their presence and therefore they are not prepared to face such situations. The tourism authority or other tourism linked organisations should acknowledge the fundamental role that media plays in projecting a good image of a tourism destination. It is how media will publicize crime committed against tourist and how the authorities through media will manage to reassure potential visitors of the level of safety available at the destination that will determine the long term success of a destination. Tsaur, Tzeng and Wang (1997) used an Analytic Hierarchy Process method to determine the weight of various risk evaluation criteria of six representative group package tour itineraries for Taiwanese tourists. Their study was intended to cover two main types of risk: physical risk which refers to the possibility that an individuals health is likely to be exposed to injury and sickness because of conditions such as law and order, weather, and hygiene; as well as equipments risk which refers to the dangers arising from the malfunctioning of equipment, such as insufficient telecommunication facilities, unsafe transportation, and breakdown of vehicles. Safety and Security of tourists should not be viewed at one side of the coin only, that is providing safety and security only in the hotel resort or while they are on tourist trips, the subject should be addressed in a more holistic way. Safety and Security of tourists should be the concern of the authorities at all times, hence places that are well known to be visited by tourists should be provided with a maximum level of security but not only while they are on official trips with hotel groups or Tour operators, it should be also while they are visiting on their own. Tourism is a part of the service sector whose unique characteristics (intangibility, inseparability, variability, and perishability) intensify the perceived risk compared to goods(Grà ¶nroos, 1990; Lovelock, 1996; Mitchell Greatorex, 1993; Zeithaml Bitner, 1996).We should not forget that the tourism product is exposed to factors, such as bad weather, unwelcoming host population, airport personnel on strike, inedibility of local food, terror, crime, political instability, disease, and natural disasters that account for the safety and security of tourists. Roehl and Fesenmaier (1992) were among the first to study risk perception in tourism. They asked their respondents about the types of risk present in vacations in general and about types of risk present during their most recent overnight trip. (Page and Hall 2002, Lynch (1960). They suggested that unfamiliarity and difficulties with environmental learning had implications for fear. Other studies have also stressed on the issue of overseas visitor unfamiliarity with the marine and road environments of the places they are visiting. One factor that can affect the safety and security perception of a destination is the level of familiarity with it. There is ample amount of literature on familiarity and its positive influence on destination image and subsequent behaviour (Milman and Pizam, 1995; Mackay and Fesenmaier, 1997; Sonmez and Graefe, 1998; Prentice and Andersen, 2000; Baloglu, 2001; Kim and Richardson, 2003; Prentice, 2004). An increased level of familiarity is purported to provid e rewards of security that outweigh potential rewards of uncertainty that is also highly likely to be costly (Burch, 1969, p. 132). Familiarity can be defined in different ways. Milman and Pizam (1995) defined familiarity as a dichotomous variable (familiar and unfamiliar) based on the existence of a previous visit. Several researchers investigated the influence of a prior visit and observed that visitors hold more accurate and positive images than non-visitors (Milman and Pizam, 1995; Selby and Morgan, 1996; Baloglu and McCleary, 1999; Richards, 2001; Rittichainuwat et al., 2001; Vogt and Andereck, 2003; Tasci, 2006 There is a tendency to think that the issue of safety and security is only at hotel but that is not always correct. Again the factor of addressing the issue in a holistic way comes forward. The picture should be viewed with all factors that make the environment of the tourism industry. The tourism industry is known to be a dynamic one which keeps on changing with time. It should not be viewed as a static industry; therefore safety and security are important factors that should be addressed the same way while dealing with tourists. The latter keep on changing, their needs and wants also. What used to be their top priority in terms of security and safety is not necessarily the same today. Therefore strategies should be amended when needed to adapt to these changes. Effects of terrorism and other forms of attacks on Tourism In the last decade, a series of safety and security events such as terrorism attacks, crimes, natural disasters, and accidents at destinations have increased. These events have prompted travellers to acquire more detailed information and knowledge about crimes, terrorism, political situations or safety and security at particular destinations (Sà ¶nmez Graefe, 1998a). The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on America spawned new and tightened security measures at corporations, airports, seaports, bus stations, train stations, sports stadiums and other places in the USA where large numbers of people, including tourists, are likely to gather for an event. (Borenstein 2001; Business Week, September 24, 2001; Merzer and Chatterjee 2001; Nieves and Samuels 2001): The tourists journey starts right after he/she has set foot out of his/her usual place of residence to travel to another destination to stay for more than 24 hours. After September 11, 2001 events, numerous attacks have been c arried out in Tunisia, Yemen, Morocco, Colombia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Saudi Arabia. There have been a number of terrorist attacks in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Egypt, and Iraq. After September 11, 2011 terrorist attack, safety and security of tourists has gained more importance. As mentioned earlier, the tourist experience does not occur only at the hotels, it is everywhere and 24/7. Tourism planners should therefore consider providing safety and security likewise. Since September 11, tourists have a constant apprehension to travel in the Middle East countries due to those attacks that have been perpetuated in those regions. War and political instability can deter tourists from travel. For example, the massacre in Tiananmen Square in China forced 11,500 tourists to cancel their visits to Beijing in 1989 (Gartner Shen, 1992). The Persian Gulf War in 1991 caused a massive redirection of tourists away from the Middle East. Even destinations such as Kenya and Tanzania that are far removed from the Middle East were negatively affected (Honey, 1999). The war on terror in Afghanistan has created a 54 percent decline in tourist visits to Nepal (Thapa, 2004).

The Global Fund :: Health, Diseases, HIV/AIDS

The threaded discussions have demonstrated that communicable diseases are the leading causes of illness, deaths, and disability in the African continent. In this regard, the economic costs in terms of prevention, treatment, and loss of productivity are undeniably enormous. Most, if not all of the human and financial resources allocated to Africa have focused on disease-specific intervention programs, such as prevention or treatment of malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. Yellow fever, like malaria, is transmitted by mosquitoes and share similar symptoms. Although both diseases are preventable, there is a vaccine available for yellow fever. The yellow fever vaccine is expensive, and not readily available in poverty-stricken areas (Monath & Cetron, 2002). It is a concern for public health officials in Cote d’Ivoire when an outbreak occurred in January 2011 (Whittett, 2011). Since yellow fever occurs only in some parts of Africa and tropical South America, Staples, Gerschman and Fischer (2010) of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have recommended that travelers to these areas get the vaccine. In African nations besieged by economic instability and political turmoil, the disease has brought untold hardship and indescribable misery to its citizens. It is sad to note that children below the age of fifteen are most often infected with the disease. The United Nations Childen’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Bank have joined together to ensure that 33 African countries add the vaccine to its routine vaccination programs. These organizations have shown studies that the vaccine would be cost-effective (Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunizations, 2005). As pointed out, funding for the vaccine is a major problem and concern for these poverty-stricken economies. The WHO (2010) is launching an appeal to raise $30 million dollars to secure the vaccine stockpile for 2011 to 2015 for all 33 African countries. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) is an international financial organization that is completely funded by the world’s developed nations. The organization invests the world’s money for interventions against AIDS, TB and malaria. To date, it has committed US$ 21.7 billion in 150 countries to support large-scale prevention, treatment and care programs against the three diseases (The Global Fund, 2011). In Southern Africa, the Global fund allocated $2.

The Wealth Beneath Your Feet

SOIL LAB: The Wealth Beneath Your Feet Purpose: To determine potential growth based on tests of physical characteristics such as pH, fertility and consistency. Pre-Lab: TO start off our investigation, we had to gather soil. Our group decided to get it from below a tree, right next to the trunk. In terms on fertility, we rated our soil to be a 4 (1 being the least fertile, 10 being the most). We rated it rather high because it was in a place where it had not been tampered with making it better than others. Also, it was quite dark and matched up very well with diagrams online of fertile soil. (http://www. enchantedlearning. com/geology/soil/) TEST ONE: Collection of Soil and Observation of Soil Profile The first layer (O) we observed is the top layer, a layer of organic soil. It is made up of humus and leaf sediment. Below that (A) comes the topsoil. This is where seeds sprout and other plants roots grow. This layer is also made up of humus, but here are other mineral particles as well. Next is the eluviation layer (E). This layer contains mostly sand and silt. It is the eluviation layer because of the process that takes place here where minerals are lost as well as clay because of water dripping through the soil. The subsoil layer is next (B). This layer is made up of clay and mineral substances, it receives from the eater being dripped during the form the eluviation process eluviation process. ,Regoliath (C) lies beneath and is mostly just broken up bedrock. Lastly is the actual bedrock layer (R), essentially just unweathered rock.

Case Study on Calculous Cholecystitis Essay

I.Introduction A. Concepts in nutrition, medical nutrition therapy, and organ systems concerned Nutrition is the study of food in relation to health. The Food and Nutrition Council of the American Medical Association defined nutrition as the â€Å"science of food, the nutrients and other substances therein, their action, interaction and balance in relation to health and disease, and the processes by which the organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes and excrete food substances.† Nutrition is also concerned with the physiologic needs of the body in terms of specific nutrients, the means of supplying these nutrients through adequate diets, and the effects of failure to meet nutrient needs. In this similar viewpoint, nutrition is also concerned with the social, economic, cultural, and psychological implications of food and eating. Nutrition follows the four basics concepts, namely: 1.) Adequate nutrition is essential for health. 2.) Food items are classified according to content in terms of majority of nutrients, broadly classified as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins and water and are needed daily in the diet of humans. 3.) An adequate diet is the foundation of good nutrition, and it should consist of a wide variety of natural foods. 4.) Nutrients should be provided preformed in food, whereas a few may be synthesized within the body. 5.) Nutrients are interrelated and there should be metabolic balance in the body. 6.) The body constituents are in a dynamic state of equilibrium. 7.) Human requirements for certain nutrients are known quantitatively within certain limits. 8.) The effects of nutritional inadequacy are more than physical; behavioral patterns and mental performance are also compromised, and; 10.) Proper education, technical expertise in addition to the use of all resources available in the practice of nutrition will help upgrade the nutritional status of people. (Lagua, Claudio and Ruiz, 2004) Race has been a predisposing factor in developing gallstones. Westerners usually develop cholesterol stones, while Asians tend to have pigment or mixed stones. There has been an increasing prevalence of calculous cholecystitis in the Philippines. Whatever the type, size or origin of these stones, they can present with a variety of signs and symptoms. Stones develop in a sluggish, diseased gallbladder. Formation of stones may be due to infection, stagnation of the bile or changes in the chemical composition of the bile, overeating or poor eating habits. Obesity is highly associated with prevalence of gallstones. Prevalence increases with age, history of diabetes mellitus and elevated serum triglycerides ( Lagua, Claudio, 2011) The gallbladder may contain one large stone or many small ones. Infection accompanied by formation of gallstones is referred as calculous cholecystitis. Often times, people with gallstones must have their gallbladder removed through a process called cholecystectomy. Transition diets are given accordingly after surgery and if the patient advances to an oral diet post-surgery, intake of fat is allowed as tolerated. As an accessory organ, the gallbladder is fairly easy to live without. Once it is removed, bile travels from the liver directly into the small intestine. B. IMPORTANCE/ SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Disorder of the accessory organs present a significant impact on the absorption and nutritional status of an individual. Failure to give immediate treatment could bring about complications which are more difficult to manage. These complications may or may not possibly lead to death of an individual. This study was conducted to enable the students to practice his/ her skills on Diet Therapy I. It may help the students to understand better the disease condition, the actions and interactions of food and medications to the body and the rationale for the diet prescription for the case patient. Moreover, it would help the students, as well as the readers to draft a nutritional care plan for patients with calculous cholecystitis upon acquiring information about the disease through data collection. C. Objectives (General and Specific) The study generally aims to analyze, assess and give proper recommendations to a patient diagnosed with calculous cholecystitis. This study was also conducted to allow students to apply the knowledge gained in the lecture and laboratory class of Diet Therapy I. The study specifically aims to: 1) Gather all the necessary information from the patient’s medical records and the interview 2) Assess the patient’s nutritional status and disease condition base from the information obtained 3) Know the causes, signs and symptoms of the disease condition and its complications 4) Determine and relate the factors and causality for the formation of the patient’s disease 5) Interpret and relate the findings to the patient’s disease condition 6) Formulate a nutritional care plan for the patient 7) Provide a diet prescription appropriate for the condition of the patient 8) Provide short and long term intervention for the patient and other recommendation that could help the prevent disease condition of the patient. D. Limitations of the Study The case study is only limited to the disease condition of the patient with calculous cholecystitis and its possible complications if not given immediate intervention. Due to time constraints, the attending physician and nurse were not interviewed for further understanding of the disease. There was also no diet prescription written on the patient’s medical chart, thus, the hospital’s cycle menu was used as a basis for some computations and analysis. II. Methodology Students of Diet Therapy I were grouped into pairs and were asked to get a patient for the case study. Approved letters provided by instructors of Diet Therapy II, requesting for a case patient with infections, burns, surgery, allergies and diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract were personally submitted to different hospitals in Laguna. Laguna Provincial Hospital in Sta. Cruz Laguna accommodated the request, with the approval of the medical director and assistance of the attending physician, nurse and head nutritionist-dietitian. In the nurses’ station, the necessary information was gathered on the selected case patient and the medical records were copied as data for the study. An interview with the case patient followed afterwards. The patient, together with her aunt, was interviewed to collect necessary data such as personal information, nutritional and dietary history and the 24hr. food recall. Before the said interview, a questionnaire was formulated to systematically and completely obtain all the essential information for a better further analysis. Questions include the 24-hour food recall of the patient food intake (prior to admission and during confinement), personal data, signs and symptoms experienced, patient’s tolerance and acceptance to the food given in the hospital, and some other information that would be beneficial to the study. After data gathering, the case was analyzed and a case study was then formulated. This was done through evaluation of the disease condition of the patient and correlating the symptoms experienced by the patient with the clinical manifestation of the disease. The dietary and the medical intervention given to the patient were also analyzed. This included correlating the principle and rationale of the diet with the patients’ actual illness. The possible nutrient-drug interaction that can happen due to the prescribed medication to the patient was also analyzed. The result of the laboratory and biochemical findings of the patient was also interpreted. After this, the diet of the patient PTA and DC were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The diet was evaluated quantitatively by computing the CPF of the patient’s food intake and computing the adequacy of that diet. Qualitative evaluation, on the other hand, was used using RDA. After analyzing the recommendations given to the patient, short-term and long-term diet plan was prepared for the patient. In computing the desirable body weight (DBW), the Tanhausser’s Method. The WHO standards for body mass index served as the basis in determining whether the client’s nutritional status. Method I was used to determine the patient’s total energy requirement (TER) for long term intervention and the carbohydrates-protein-fat distribution was distributed using the non-protein calorie method. III. Theoretical Considerations A. Disease Condition Calculous cholecystitis or cholecystolithiasis, is caused by the precipitation of the substances contained in the bile, mainly cholesterol and bilirubin with accompanying inflammation. The bile is consisted of bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, lecithin, fatty acids, electrolytes and water usually found in the plasma. The cholesterol formed in the bile has no function; it is only a by-product of bile salt formation and the presence is only linked in the excretion of bile. Cholesterol is normally insoluble in water and this is where lecithin and bile salts combine with it to form micelles. Inside the gallbladder, water and electrolytes are absorbed in the liver bile, causing it to be more concentrated. Lecithin and bile salts are not absorbed in the gallbladder, their concentrations increases alongside cholesterol’s. This is the mechanism of maintaining the solubility of cholesterol. B. Definitions and Classifications Cholecystitis – inflammation of the gallbladder. There has been an association of cholecystitis with cholelithiasis. There is almost always a close association with complete or partial obstruction of the stones formed inside the gallbladder. Cholelithiasis – gallstones that precipitated from bile, cholesterol or bilirubin due to impaired gallbladder function or excessive production of by-products from fat digestion. C. Etiology Gallstone formation is due to bile salt, pigments and cholesterol salt accumulation. The stones rub off on the walls of the gallbladder, causing pain and inflammation in the subsequent internal structures. There is also a link between elevated or abnormal estrogen levels with gallstone formation. D. Incidence/ Prevalence There is a 10% incidence of adults getting gallstones. Approximately, there are twice as many women who develop this disease and it increases with age: after 60 years old, there is a 10-15% prevalence in men while a 20-40% prevalence in women was noted. E. Pathology Gallstones obstruct bile flow and causes reflux and subsequent inflammation in the gallbladder. The inflammation is caused by chemical irritation from the concentrated bile, along with the swelling of the mucosal area and ischemia from venous congestion and stasis. Bacterial infections may be a complication and this could account for the infection and could reach the adjacent gallbladder through the circulation. Staphylococci and enterococci are the most common pathogens. Perforation of the gallbladder could lead to gangrene. F. Clinical Manifestations and Underlying Mechanisms Pain is evident in early cholecystolithiasis. There is similarity in the pain experienced with biliary colic and is usually felt after a fatty meal. Pain is experienced in the right upper quadrant and there is spasm in the right, subcostal region. There is elevation in total serum bilirubin, amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase. G. Prognosis After cholecystectomy, patients can return to work in a span of 1-6 weeks. IV. The Patient A. Personal Data The patient is Chastine Salazar, 28 years old, female admitted on January 3, 2013 at Laguna Provincial Hospital in Sta Cruz, Laguna. Her physician is Dr. Flores. B. Socio-Economic History The patient works as a registrar in the Head Office of AMA in Quezon City, Philippines. Due to her sedentary lifestyle, she and her husband jogs for 2 hours every weekend. Her middle-class income allows her to select food items of higher market value, thus chocolate is always present after every meal. The patient does not smoke nor drink but based on the interview, it was found out that she uses laxatives due to constipation problems. C. Present illness and chief complaint Patient has cholecystolithiasis with cholecystectomy as the surgical procedure of which 8 marble-sized gallstones were removed. Pain and vomiting was experienced by the patient and was immediately rushed to the hospital on January 3, 2013. D. Past Illnesses and surgery, allergies, hospitalization There were no family history of predisposing risk factors to cholecystolithiasis but it was found out from the interview that the patient has allergic reaction to sea foods and patient has allergic rhinitis of which she has treated before with steroids. E. Physical State of Health Patient has allergy to sea foods and has allergic rhinitis. Patient also has constipation of which she self-medicates with laxatives. G. Nutritional and Dietary History It was observed from the 24-hr food recall that the patient has frequent consumption of chocolates and carbonated beverages. There was also a high intake of fatty and fried food and dishes every day. Snacking patterns are also noted as the patient tends to overeat every 3 hours.